Finite element (FE) analysis simulates loading on bone by converting computed tomography (CT) images into mechanical models, and improves strength prediction over dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). However, estimates of fracture strength may still be unreliable due to insufficient representation of the thin cortical shell. This project works towards the development of a refined FE model of the human vertebra by implementing novel methods to estimate cortical thickness, and representation of the cortex with shell elements.